Русско-англо-русский юридический словарь

A civil code is a systematic collection of laws designed to comprehensively deal with the core areas of private law such as for dealing with business and negligence lawsuits and practices. (Wikipedia)

The presumption of good faith or bona fides is essentially a civil law concept with a long history going back to Roman law that is specifically made applicable in contract law. The term is applied to all kinds of transactions. Thus, Art. 527 of the Civil Code states: Good faith is always presumed, and upon him who alleges bad faith on the part of a possessor rests the burden of proof. (http://manilastandardtoday.com)

In the United States, a liquidated damage clause is intended to estimate damages in the event of non-performance or breach of contract. [...] The intent of liquidated damages is simply to measure damages that are hard to prove once incurred. If the liquidated damages are disproportionate, they can, however, be declared a penalty. The clause is then void, and recovery will be limited to the actual damage that results from the breach. [...]

In civil law countries, the attitude toward contractual penalties is quite different from the common law approach. The Napoleonic Code, upon which most civil codes are based, allowed for penalties to encourage performance of contractual obligations. (This is the precise rationale that is rejected in the United States.) (lexology.com)

Russia: The New Civil Code from 1994 allows for both liquidated damages and contractual penalties in contracts. Both can be reduced by the court if obviously disproportionate to the actual loss. (lexology.com)