Русско-англо-русский юридический словарь

contractual obligation – something that a person is legally forced to do through having signed a contract (investorwords.com)

Global Vehicles USA, Inc. has served a Demand for Arbitration pursuant to its contract with Mahindra & Mahindra, Ltd. and simultaneously filed a civil lawsuit in an Atlanta federal court seeking injunctive relief.

These actions have been taken as a result of Mahindra & Mahindra's failure to comply with its contractual obligations to make its vehicles available for sale in the United States on a timely basis and to otherwise protect the loyal dealers who have patiently waited for such deliveries. (PRNewswire)

A contract or a contractual obligation can be made to terminate upon the occurrence of a future uncertain event. A provision to this effect is known as a resolutive condition, or condition subsequent. (unidroit.org)

In the United States, a liquidated damage clause is intended to estimate damages in the event of non-performance or breach of contract. [...] The intent of liquidated damages is simply to measure damages that are hard to prove once incurred. If the liquidated damages are disproportionate, they can, however, be declared a penalty. The clause is then void, and recovery will be limited to the actual damage that results from the breach. [...]

In civil law countries, the attitude toward contractual penalties is quite different from the common law approach. The Napoleonic Code, upon which most civil codes are based, allowed for penalties to encourage performance of contractual obligations. (This is the precise rationale that is rejected in the United States.) (lexology.com)