Русско-англо-русский юридический словарь

The concept of party autonomy dates back to the early fifteenth century. The first to express the doctrine of party autonomy is considered to be a French scholar named Charles Dumolin, considered to be ‘the father of party autonomy’.

Dumolin advanced the idea that ‘those who enter into an agreement may stipulate the law that governs their bargain’; when it comes to the choice of law in international contracts, the parties have the freedom, not to restrict themselves to the confines of municipal law, can exclude themselves from rules that are mandatory in the international sense and may also exclude future changes in that law. Zhang Mo has expressed the present scenario as such, “As the party autonomy doctrine has developed, the boundaries have evolved into three major areas: The public policy exception, the mandatory rules mandate and the reasonable connection requirement.” (Party Autonomy in International Contracts: Why Limited Party Autonomy Is Better Than Unlimited Party Autonomy by Arun Ajay Shankar)

The separation of powers, often imprecisely used interchangeably with the trias politica principle, is a model for the governance of a state (or who controls the state). The model was first developed in ancient Greece. Under this model, the state is divided into branches, each with separate and independent powers and areas of responsibility so that the powers of one branch are not in conflict with the powers associated with the other branches. (Wikipedia)

Judicial precedent: A judgment of a court of law cited as an authority for deciding a similar set of facts; a case which serves as authority for the legal principle embodied in its decision. The common law has developed by broadening down from precedent to precedent. (northumbria.ac.uk)

A civil wrong or wrong is a cause of action under the law of the governing body. Tort, breach of contract and breach of trust are types of civil wrong. [...]

The law that relates to civil wrongs is part of the branch of the law that is called the civil law.

A civil wrong is capable of being followed by what are called civil proceedings.

It is a misnomer to describe a civil wrong as a "civil offence".

The law of England recognised the concept of a "wrong" before it recognised the distinction between civil wrongs and crimes (which distinction was developed during the thirteenth century). (Wikipedia)