Русско-англо-русский юридический словарь

Penal damages are liquidated damages which exceed reasonable compensatory damages, making them invalid under common law. While liquidated damage clauses set a pre-agreed value on the expected loss to one party if the other party were to breach the contract, penal damages go further and seek to penalise the breaching party beyond the reasonable losses from the breach. Many clauses which are found to be penal are expressed as liquidated damages clauses but are seen by courts as excessive and thus invalid. (Wikipedia)

12(b)(6), which found the asserted claims invalid as patent ineligible ()

"A void marriage is a marriage which is unlawful or invalid under the laws of the jurisdiction where it is entered. A void marriage is ""one that is void and invalid from its beginning. It is as though the marriage never existed and it requires no formality to terminate.""" (Wikipedia)

Salvatorian Clause. Should a provision of this Agreement be invalid or become invalid or should this Agreement contain an omission, then the legal effect of the other provisions shall not thereby be affected. Instead of the invalid provision a valid provision is deemed to have been agreed upon which comes closest to what the parties intended commercially; the same applies in the case of an omission. (LawInsider)