Русско-англо-русский юридический словарь

The concept of party autonomy dates back to the early fifteenth century. The first to express the doctrine of party autonomy is considered to be a French scholar named Charles Dumolin, considered to be ‘the father of party autonomy’.

Dumolin advanced the idea that ‘those who enter into an agreement may stipulate the law that governs their bargain’; when it comes to the choice of law in international contracts, the parties have the freedom, not to restrict themselves to the confines of municipal law, can exclude themselves from rules that are mandatory in the international sense and may also exclude future changes in that law. Zhang Mo has expressed the present scenario as such, “As the party autonomy doctrine has developed, the boundaries have evolved into three major areas: The public policy exception, the mandatory rules mandate and the reasonable connection requirement.” (Party Autonomy in International Contracts: Why Limited Party Autonomy Is Better Than Unlimited Party Autonomy by Arun Ajay Shankar)

Production costs exclude all non-production expenses such as administration, selling, distribution and research overheads. (Essentials of Management Accounting in Business by Mike Bendrey, Roger Hussey, Colston West)

Accidental death, as defined in accidental death insurance policies, is any death strictly due to accident. It typically excludes such things as acts of war, death caused by illegal activities, etc. (Investopedia)

6. LIABILITY OF THE PARTIES

6.1 Nothing in this Agreement shall exclude or restrict M-Line's liability for death or personal injury resulting from the negligence of M-Line or its employees while acting in the course of their employment. (Standard Terms & Conditions, M-Line Telecoms Ltd Services, mlinetelecoms.com)